21^st World Nursing Education Conference July 16-18, 2018 Melbourne, Australia

Natsuyo ONO is an associate proffessor at Sapporo City University, Japan. She has been an educator and researcher on fundamentals of nursing in Japan and abroad. Her main research inrterest is comfort care in nursing.

Background/ For 10 years, University A in Sapporo City, worked with nursing departments at hospitals, driving research activities by providing guidance for the entire research process. The research activities of clinical nurses that were supported by university teachers were evaluated from the perspectives of the hospitals. We aimed to clarify hospital nurse managers’ perceptions of the results of the efforts that were being made. Methods/ We chose five managers from the hospitals that received support as the subjects of this study, and went through a list of questions with them in interviews. We conducted a qualitative inductive analysis of their remarks regarding the accomplishments of the research activities of the nurses. Each answer was summarized, recorded and the data were thoroughly examined and categorized using similarities and common features. The study was approved by the Ethical Committi of Sapporo City University. Results/ Results obtained were as follows: “The research processes improved under the guidance of the university teachers, as compared with previously when they were only under the guidance of the hospital educators,” “Research topics were identified better,” “Making presentations at nationwide conferences motivated the entire nursing department,” and “Inspired equity and objectivity in the workplace.” Discussion/ The nurse managers considered the guidance of the university teachers to be beneficial when research was successfully completed using research topics that nurses had identified during their work. They felt that the guidance of the university teachers was productive when it led to their being able to make presentations, and valued their expertise.

Kim, Ki Kyong , MPH, RN is a Professor at University of Yonsei, Wonju College of Medicine, School of Nursing. She has completed her PhD in Law at the age of 35 years from Yonsei University and visiting scholar studies from University of North Carolina, USA. She has published more than 30 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board member of Korean Association of medical Law.

Background: Good regulation is important to the public safety and quality assurance in health care through licensure and disciplinary action as required. From 1962, a system for Korean nursing licensure was implemented under Medical Service Acts, which was revised annually and has expanded legal duties and responsibilities of nurses. Aim: This article aims to examined the revision of Medical Service and to seek core educational objectives in regulations that are directly or indirectly related to nursing practice. Methods: A descriptive, interpretive law design was used to examine the legal obligations and educational core objectives found in documents: Korean Medical Service Act and Regulation for registered nurses. Results: The findings indicate that 23 objectives (directly related to nursing practice) and 7 objectives (directly related to nursing practice) appear in study. Furthermore, it shows 11 educational objectives related to health policies affecting nursing care. Conclusions: Although most of the legal obligation and educational objectives aren changeable, this study shows, despite significant challenges, the clear regulations to know for nurses and the range of legal duties is gradually strengthening and expanding for patient safety in South of Korea. Keywords: Nursing Regulation, Nursing Legislation, Educational Objectives

Mitsuto Hasuike has completed his PhD from Miyazaki Prefectural Nursing University at Miyazaki, Japan. He teaches psychiatric nursing at Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences. He has supported borderline personality disorder patients in the community and also conducted qualitative research of mental health among young people so that they are able to live to their utmost potential.

Statement of the Problem: Mental health problems affect the way mentally ill patients think, feel, and behave which creates a communication problem with others. Therefore, nursing students often experience difficulty in establishing rapport with them. Communication skills are associated with Emotional Intelligence (EI) which is the ability to perceive and manage our own emotions and those of others. The purpose of this study is to clarify whether a two-week clinical practicum of psychiatric nursing made a significant difference in the EI scores of nursing students. Methodology: Emotional Intelligence Scale (EQS) of eight senior nursing students was measured prior to and after the clinical practicum. After clinical was completed, the students were asked to fill out a self-report questionnaire with free description which was analyzed with content analysis. Findings: The results of this study showed that among three branches of EQS, “intrapersonal” (t=4.16, p<.01) and “situational” (t=2.70, p<.05) were significantly different, but “interpersonal” (t=0.157, p<.879) was not significant. The data from the questionnaire was processed with coding and categorizing, and three categories such as “deeper understanding of patients”, “further recognizing psychiatirc nursing”, and “improved communication skills” were extracted. Conclusion & Significance: The experience of a psychiatric nursing clinical practicum might improve communication skills in nursing students and further enhance the understanding of patients with psychiatric diseases. For nursing students, communicating with psychiatric patients may result in providing an opportunity to reflect on their own emotions. The sample of this research was small and future studies should be encouraged.

I am 51-year-old, I studied Bachelor degree from Boromarajonani College of Nursing, Chonburi, Master degree from Burapha University (Psychiatric nursing) and Ph.D. from Christian University (Nursing management) in Thailand. I was psychiatric nurse at community hospital in 2005-2010. Presently, I am nurse instructor in Community and Psychiatric department at Boromarajonani College of Nursing, Chonburi.

The purpose of this descriptive correlation research were to identify and test a causal model of Health Promotion Behavior of Adolescents. A sample of 397 adolescents from ten district in Chonburi province were selected. They were asked to answer six sets of questionnaires: 1) personal data from, 2) Prior related behavior, 3) Behavioral specific cognition and affect, 4) Interpersonal influence, 5) Commitment to a plan of action, and 6) Health promotion behavior. the instruments were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. The reliabilities of each questionnaire were .91 for Prior related behavior and Health promotion behavior, .89 for Behavioral specific cognition and affect, .87 for Interpersonal influence, and .83 for Commitment to a plan of action. Data were analyzed using the statistical programs for structure Equation Model: SEM. The finding of this study revealed that Prior related behavior, Behavioral specific cognition and affect, and Health promotion behavior of adolescents were at moderate level ( = 2.64, SD= .35, = 2.63, SD= .11, = 2.71, SD= .35, respectively). Behavioral specific cognition and affect and Interpersonal influence were at high level ( = 3.72, SD= .50, = 3.74, SD= .50, respectively). Prior related behavior, Interpersonal influence, and Commitment to a plan of action of adolescents had positive direct effects on Health promotion behavior (β = .24, β= .02, β= .02, respectively). Behavioral specific cognition and affect had positive direct effects on Commitment to a plan of action (β = .15). The model affecting the Health promotion behavior of adolescents with empirical data. the finding suggest that heath care organization play an important role to enhance awareness for adolescents in behavior change and empower to improve their behaviors for the good healthy and Develop a health promotion model suitable for Thai adolescents in the 21st century to the next.

Background: Hardcore smokers are less open to cessation interventions and have been deemed an intractable public health problem. In Taiwan, there is a lack of consensus in the literature about the prevalence of and factors associated with hardcore smokers. This lack of empirical support for understanding hardcore smokers precludes evidence-based tobacco control interventions. Aim: To explore the characteristics of hardcore smokers using qualitative methods in the Chinese context. Methods: In this qualitative study, 29 hardcore smokers recruited from a hospital in southern Taiwan were assessed using a semi-structure interview. Content analysis involved categorizing the qualitative responses to each question. Results: Four main themes (and ten related subthemes) were identified from the data: perspectives on (1) physiological and psychological dependence; (2) social interaction and cultural norms; (3) quitting motivation; and (4) smoke-free policy. Discussion: Hardcore smokers had three characteristics—nicotine dependence, social interaction through smoking, and negative attitude toward smoke-free policy—which were similar to those of nonhardcore smokers. The major difference was a lack of motivation to quit. Because most hardcore smokers knew that smoking is detrimental to their health, they did not want to quit smoking. Conclusion: The Taiwanese government could develop and implement effective cessation interventions to decrease tobacco-attributable morbidity and mortality among hardcore smokers. Implications for nursing and health policy: This study emphasized the importance of increasing self-efficacy and reduction of cigarette consumption by considering the characteristics of hardcore smokers; there is a need to develop effective smoking cessation services for hardcore smokers within a national policy. Further educational and training programs for quitting smoking that are tailored to hardcore smokers are needed. This would help nurses better implement smoking cessation intervention. Keywords: hardcore smoker, health policy, qualitative research, nicotine dependence, smoking cessation

Masako　Sotomura　has completed her MSN from Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan. She teaches gerontological nursing at Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences. Her research topic is wheelchair seating and conducting studies in order to improve ADL and promote comfort care for the institutionalized elderly people. She is also involved in pursuing comfort care including touch care for the elderly with dementia.

Statement of the Problem: Wheelchair seating care should be recommended for residents dependent on a wheelchair, but it is not common practice in Japan. Wheelchair seating care prevents subsequent health issues, enhances the residents’ independence and contributes to effective and efficient clinical practice. Inter-professional work (IPE) could be facilitated to practice seating care because it requires team work and specialized skills. The purpose of this study is to evaluate healthcare workers’ understanding of wheelchair seating care. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted. A survey was taken, asking the healthcare workers at a long term care facility in Japan about (1) awareness of wheelchair seating care, (2) seeking further education, (3) the importance of their inter-professional work. Chi-square test was performed for the inter-professional comparisons. Findings: The total number of participants was 172 and the response rate was 87%. This study showed that 82.5% physical care workers (PTs, OTs, STs) recognized wheelchair seating care, but only 9.7% nursing care workers (RNs, LPNs, care workers) did. There was significant difference between the groups (p< .001). 152 participants (89.9%) answered that IPE is necessary for wheelchair seating care. Conclusion & Significance: The importance of IPE was recognized by most of the healthcare workers. IPE should be beneficial in improving QOL for residents dependent on a wheelchair, and nurses have an important role to coordinate IPE. But this study determined that nursing care workers do not recognize wheelchair seatingcare. Wheelchair seating care should be taught and practiced by nurses and nursing students. (Up to 250 words)

I am a senior nurse lecturer at College of Nursing Chonburi, Thailand. I am interested in mental health nursing and health promotion. As the number of elderly people in Thailand is increasing abundantly, health promotion among this population should be addressed.

In Thailand, the number of elderly people is dramatically increasing; so health promotion and influencing factors need to be explored. This research aimed to survey health promotion behaviors among elderly persons in one district, Chonburi, Thailand. Subjects were 150 older persons, selected by a random sampling. Research instrument was a self reported questionnaire, assessing individual’s perception of self worth, advantage of health promotion, and health promotion behavior, with Conbrach alpha’s reliability of .86, .78, and .89, respectively. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient. The finding reveals that, the subjects report a high level of health promotion behaviors (xˉ =4.55, SD=.39). Regarding correlation among three variables, there is a positive correlation between perceived self-worth and health promotion behaviors (r=.37), and between perceived advantage of health promotion and health promotion behaviors (r=.70). According to the finding, the perception of self-esteem and benefit of health promotion, among elderly persons, should be enhanced so that the level of health promotion behaviors will be increased. Key words: Health Promotion Behavior, Elderly Person

Background: Anxiety can negatively affect individual’s performance in school. This can further influence physical and mental health of students in terms of concentration and memory retention. Several studies have shown that lavender aromatherapy was effective in reducing anxiety, improving concentration and increasing memory retention. Methods: Pre-post intervention with a quasi-experimental design was used. A total of 55 participants completed the pre - test as well as the post – test tools. A pre-test of each tool (S-TAI (form Y-1), Stroop Effect Assessment Tool and Return Demonstration Checklist) was obtained as a baseline data for the study. Subsequently, lavender aromatherapy was diffused 30 minutes per session in an enclosed room. After the intervention, anxiety, concentration and memory retention were measured through a post-test of each tool. Results: Paired t-test revealed in the three tests were considered to be significant (p<0.000), justifying the effectiveness of the use of lavender aromatherapy in curtailing the anxiety as well as improving the concentration and increasing memory retention of junior nursing students. Conclusion: The use of lavender aromatherapy could be used to decrease anxiety, improve concentration and increase memory retention. Thus, lavender aromatherapy may be a substitute to promote cost effective and non-pharmacologic intervention that will be advantageous for nursing students

Chi-Yin Kao has completed her PhD from University of Melbourne. Currently she works at the Department of Nursing, National Cheng Kung University. Chi-Yin does research in cancer care and cancer clinical trial issues. She also devotes herself to Taiwan Academy of Clinical Research Nurses, assisting with development of clinical research nurses’ education, welfare, and certificate in Taiwan.

The number of clinical trials and the numbers of patients involved in clinical trials are steadily increasing worldwide. However, in mainstream nursing education, little explicit attention has been given to this emerging area resulting in most nurses unfamilar with clinical trials. It may influence nurses’ attitude toward clinical trials and may be a barrier to discussing clinical trials with patients. The objective of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Clinical Trial Attitude Scale. A preliminary 22-item questionnaire was generated from research literature, expert consultations and nurse interviews. Nurses in a medical center in Taiwan were invited to complete the questionnaire. The questionnaire was analyzed using two samples from the same population: the first (n=219) for exploratory analysis and the second (n=363) for confirmatory testing. A reliability test was conducted to assess the internal consistency of the instrument. The results showed that the questionnaire was separated in to five subscales with 20 items: ucertainty, harms, medical care, contribution of science, patient benefits. All subscales showed good validity and reliability.

Carola is an experienced Nurse Educator at Alfred Health. She has completed a Master of Nursing Scinece in Healthcare Leadership and Management and a Postgraduate Diploma in Advanced Nursing (Clinical Nursing Eduaction) from La Trobe Univeristy.

This project consisted of an education program delivered to nurses in the neurological rehabilitation unit, and a pre- and three-week post-education group evaluation to measure effectiveness of the program, nurses’ confidence, and practice change. Confidence was evaluated in regards to patient-centred goal formulation, the nurses’ role within the interdisciplinary team, discussion of rehabilitation goals with patients, and goal implementation into daily nursing practice. Application to practice was rated in relation to successful formulation of patient-centred rehabilitation goals in nurses’ everyday work, successful discussion of goals with patients, as well as successful goal implementation into daily nursing practice. Additional free-text responses regarding the program’s key learnings and implication to clinical practice, as well as future education topic recommendations, and further comments were collected. The Program consisted of presentation and workshop activities. The formulation of patient-centred goals ustilising the SMART acronym was practiced using case studies, followed by role play and discussion how to incorporate goals into daily practice and how to discuss goals with patients and families. Staff satisfaction in relation to the program’s relevance was overall rated positive. The overall percentage scores acquired for ‘strongly agree’ responses increased in all areas of the post-education evaluation, with the greatest change in the areas of nurses’ confidence about their role within the interdisciplinary team, and confidence in discussing rehabilitation goals with patients. Questions with a pre-education ‘disagree’ response across several areas were diminished in post-education evaluation. Themes for key learnings and their application included communication, documentation, goal setting and incorporating goals into daily practice. Future education recommendation included advanced communication skills and goal setting process.

HSIU-CHUAN WU has completed her master ‎master degree from National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences . She is a nursing supervisor at SHIN KONG WO HO-SU memorial hospital. Her major is critical nursing care developement, and nursing education planned , include Clinical Ladder Systems for Nurses program, teacher education program and New personnel Training Course and so on.

High fidelity simulation allows multiple learning objectives to be conducted in a realistic clinical environment safe and harmless to the patients. Students are introduced to realistic situations which take place in either a community or a hospital and need to combine comprehensively their assessment and decision making with discussion, teamwork and joint effort in order to achieve the best management for the simulated patients (Wilford & Doyle,2006). The use of simulation in the nursing education for critical care has been progressively accepted across Taiwan in the past years. The Nursing Department of Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital in Taipei designed a simulation curriculum in the education for critical nursing care and has been applying it from 2012 through 2016. The simulation teachers developed many different pathways to lead the young nurses to practice and acquire decision-making skills through realistic situations in which group communication, discussion, and teamwork were mandatory to manage properly complex situations such as ethical dilemmas, patient's safety issues, AMI, CVA with rt-PA treatment, acute intoxication, hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients, and accidental extubation. The instructors led the nurses to discuss their clinical problems and different opinions before a debriefing in the workshop. Approximately 80 nurses participated in each session of the curriculum in the above- mentioned period of time and the satisfaction of the trainees was as high as 91%. High fidelity simulation can consolidate the nursing practice, improve the critical care skills, professional competence, and ultimately, self-confidence of the nursing staff.

Navaporn has completed Bachelor degree with honours at the age of 22 years from Boromarajonani College of Nursing Bangkok and Master degree studies from Mahidol University in Thailand and worked in labour room, post-partum ward and breastfeeding clinic till 2016. After that she changes to a nurse teacher. He has published 4 papers in journals Thailand such as 1.The effect of spouse involvements in pregnancy and birth promoting program on marital relationship, perception of childbirth experience, maternal-infant attachment and paternal-infant attachment., 2. Nurse’s role to promote the active participation of the husband or his relatives to succeed in breastfeeding mothers., 3. Teach less, learn more: a conceptual model and application for nursing education. And 4. STEM education : lesson learned from the process of nursing innovation development.

This quasi-experimental research aimed to test the effect of Simulation-Based Learning on learning achievement, and satisfaction of nursing students who was senior student at Boromarajonani College of Nursing, Chonburi in 2017. The population were 114 students. Research instruments included 1) lesson plan of chapter 4: using nursing process in maternal and newborn care, risk, health problems due to pregnancy, scenario, self-study, group discussion, and reflection record 2) questionnaires of demographic data, learning achievement, and satisfaction. Data were analyzed by frequency, percent, mean, standard deviation and independent t- test. Result reveal that 1. Learning achievement of nursing students after treatment was at the high level ( = 69.52, S.D= 7.92) 2. Satisfaction of nursing students after treatment was at the high level ( = 4.27, SD = 0.35). 3. Learning achievement had a significantly higher difference mean score than the other methods (t = 7.89, p< .001). It can be concluded that learning management with Simulation-Based Learning enabled the students to understand complicated contents in nursing and midwifery, and to successfully achieve learning outcomes more than the other methods. It also enhanced the students’ satisfaction with their learning. Thus, the results of the research should develop learning management using Simulation-Based Learning to help students for learning achievement and satisfaction. Keywords: Simulation-Based Learning, learning achievement, satisfaction

Abstract Introduction:Nursing education especially in patient with cancer is very important. To day Tellephone using is very common. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect telephone counseling on the self-efficacy in breast cancer women . Methods: In This Randomized Clinical Trial Study, 64 patients who were scheduled for the Breast Cancer Radiotherapy and Referring To Cancer Institute of Imam Khomeini , Tehran University Of Medical Sciences in 2017, were recruited using the convenience sampling method. Participants were randomly assigned into Two Groups of Test (N = 32) And Control (N = 32). Before The Start Of Radiotherapy, Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale Was Completed By Research Samples In two Groups. Patients' Self-Efficacy Was Evaluated again one Month And three Months After Telephone Counseling in two groups. The intervention method in the experimental group was training through SMS and consultation through a telephone call for 3 months, so that a daily briefing on radiation therapy, skin changes, laryngeal disorders, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, Psychosocial issues, immune systems, fertility and lactation, lymphedema, and cardiovascular and pulmonary complications were sent to patients, which consisted of 90 short messages. Telephone counseling was done by asking and answering patients with two calls per week in the first month and one call per week in the second and third months (a total of 16 contacts).The call time was determined according to a patient survey from 8am to 5am, and the duration of each conversation was 10-15 minutes depending on the needs of each patient. During of the study, the control group received routine training at Imam Khomeini Cancer Center, which included a one training session with the presentation of the pamphlet, but did not receive any training from the researcher. finally Data Were Analyzed Using SPSS-22 Software. Results: Before The Intervention, There Was No Significant Difference Between The Mean Score Of Self – Efficacy Of The Two Groups. However, 1 Month And 3 Month After The Beginning Of Intervention, The Mean Score Of Self-Efficacy In The Experimental Group Was Significantly Higher Than In The Control Group (P <0.001). Conclusion: According To The Results Of This Study, The Use Of Telephone Counseling for nursing education To Promote Self-Efficacy in breast cancer women Is Emphasized. Key Words: Education, Telephone Counseling, Self-Efficacy, Breast Cancer, Radiotherapy

Yew Hiang is a Nurse Educator with the Education and Practice Department, Nursing Service, Tan Tock Seng Hospital. She is trained in Emergency Nursing and holds a Master degree and related qualification in the field of training and development. She is one of the nursing core faculty members in Simulation and Integrated Medical Training Advancement Centre (SIMTAC), Tan Tock Seng Hospital and her current works involves the development and facilitation of simulation training and learning in nursing and with the inter-professional groups. Her research interest includes using instructional simulation as a teaching strategy to enhance nursing standard practices and professional development of the nurses

The non-technical skills (NTS) are critical for individual and team to function well during crisis management. This study aims to identify the current NTS gaps, strategies to overcome the gaps, preferred learning methods and motivating factors for learning NTS behaviours relevant to the crisis management in nursing context. Fifty Registered Nurses (RN) and Enrolled Nurses (EN) were recruited. Nurses’ performance during role play and group debriefing were video and audio-recorded. A short survey on the study focal areas with gained learning points from the debriefing was collected. Nurses perceived “Poor communication”, “Lacking teamwork” and “Inadequate knowledge” as the major NTS gaps; “Reading”, “Reflecting” and “Consulting seniors” as strategies to overcome the gaps; “Role playing” and “debriefing” as preferred learning methods; “Seeing video playback” and identifying “good and improvement areas” during debriefing as motivating factors for practice change. Self-directed learning (i.e. reading, reflecting, consulting seniors) is useful to heighten the key NTS behaviours (i.e. Good communication, teamwork and adequate knowledge). The effectiveness of the simulation role play and debriefing could create impact and harness desired NTS behaviours for performance improvement and motivate positive practice change among nurses. The results provided us insights about NTS and the program. Instructional simulation could employ as an innovative learning provision to enhance nurses’ knowledge and skills for NTS gaps closure and positive practice change to take place. Further study to examine learning transfer is recommended to achieve practice excellence for nurses. The NTS gaps should be tightened to improve nursing standard practice. The application of the underlying NTS principles, addressing the NTS gaps and attending to individual inadequacies are key challenges to be addressed.

Yuet Ying Wong has completed her doctoral degree in the Chinese University of Hong Kong. She is an Assistant Professor in the School of Nursing and Health Studies in The Open University of Hong Kong. She has ten years of clinical experience in the community and gerontology nursing specialty and seven years of teaching experience. Her research interests are community and gerontological care.

To promote the health and well-being of residents with dementia, residential homes must provide adequate assistance in feeding and hydration as part of their good care practices. An evidence-based training program for nursing assistants is necessary in expanding their knowledge and guiding them in the management of feeding difficulties among residents with dementia. The U. K. Medical Research Council (MRC) has suggested a framework which contains a four-stage process consists of developing, testing, evaluating and implementing a complex intervention in health care setting. An evidence-based protocol was developed based on a person-centred model in the development stage. This model is the theoretical framework that served as a guide in formulating the components and their sequence. In the piloting stage, a pilot study was performed to test the logistics and the feasibility of the intervention. In the evaluation stage, a process evaluation was performed among the participants after completion of the pilot study. The last stage is the implementation stage, which involved the adaptation and integration of the evidence-based protocol into clinical practice. This framework is not a linear flow but a feedback loop to previous or subsequent stages if needed. Throughout the developing, test and evaluate the intervention, it strengthens the compliance of implementing the complex intervention in RCHEs. Moreover, the evidence–based protocol provides a clear guideline for the nursing assistants to follow in the residential homes including how to prepare a care mealtime environment, provide individual care plan and measures the person–centred outcomes.

2006 G.C graduated from University of Gondar Bachelor of Nursing and 2013 G.C graduated from Mekelle University for MSc in Maternity and Reproductive Health. Currently working at Center for International Reproductive Health Training (CIRHT)-Ethiopia as a research coordinator

Background: Ethiopia is one of the oldest independent African countries. Illiteracy is the most crucial factor impacting Ethiopians limited health seeking behavior. The country suffers from an enormous burden of preventable communicable and non-communicable diseases and nutritional deficit disorders. The population faces a high rate of morbidity and mortality which needs holistic quality care from health care professionals including nurses. Ethiopia is struggling with an extreme shortage of health care professionals. Official statistics show, that a decade ago there were only 20,000 nurses for 80 million people with 85% of the Ethiopian population living in remote areas which are chronically under-served. Aim: To describe the development of nursing education in Ethiopia from historical, political and socioeconomic perspectives. Methods: An extensive literature search was conducted using the key terms, “Nurse”, “Education” and “Ethiopia” from the following databases: ProQuest, PubMed, Google Scholar, Ovid Medline. In addition, reports from the governmental health education bureau were utilized to provide relevant information regarding the nursing educational system. Findings: Globally, nursing education is undergoing modifications, which were never previously imagined, to address the growing complexity in the health care arena, ensure safe delivery of nursing care, promote nursing leadership and evidence-based practice research. To meet today’s health care demands, the Ethiopian nursing education system needs to reform. Conclusions and Implications for Nursing Education: In the light of historical and current nursing situations in Ethiopia, the Ministers of health and education need to reconsider the minimum nursing educational requirement to be at least a baccalaureate degree. Nursing career pathways need to be extended to Ph.D. and DNP. Such nursing career development pathways are needed to prepare future nurses with the abilities to conduct research and quality improvement projects, develop leadership skills, and impact the quality of care. Ethiopian nurses’ engagement in the development and application of nursing knowledge will not only impact nursing practice but also improve the quality of nursingeducation.